![]() ![]() ![]() The lamina appears to be green and flattened in a plane perpendicular to the stem, which is presumably configured to maximize the capture of sunlight 3. The petiole is a beam-like structure connecting the lamina to the stem, while the lamina is the major photosynthetic part in leaves. In trees, leaves have evolved to perform the photosynthesis function, and typical non-sessile leaves are composed of a petiole and a lamina. Although there are several photosynthetic pathways for different species 1, the fundamental step is the same: using light energy to transform water and CO 2 into sugar and oxygen 2. Photosynthesis is the principal mechanism for nutrition in plants. Lastly, we discuss leaf’s ability to reduce stress at the stem-petiole junction by choosing certain geometry, and also present exploratory results on the effect that seasons have on the Young’s and twisting moduli. In addition, we develop a simple energetic model to find a relation between geometrical shapes and mechanical properties ( EI/ GJ = 2 L L/ W C where L L is the laminar length and W C is the laminar width), verified with experimental data. ![]() A twist-to-bend ratio EI/ GJ is found to be around 4.3, within the range in previous studies conducted on similar species ( EI/ GJ = 2.7~8.0 reported in S. From tensile/torsional tests, we characterize the bending rigidity ( EI) and the twisting rigidity ( GJ) of 15 petioles of 4 species in the Spring/Summer: Red Oak ( Quercus Rubra), American Sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis), Yellow Poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera), and Sugar Maple ( Acer saccharum). Leaves of the same species are found to be geometrically similar regardless of their size. In this study, we measure the shape of laminae from 120 simple leaf species (no leaflets). To survive in harsh abiotic conditions, leaves may have evolved to form in different shapes, resulting from a coupling between the lamina geometry and the petiole mechanical properties. drag) on the lamina, the petiole undergoes twisting and bending motions. My choice to pursue a license in marriage and family therapy does not mean I only see families it means I have been extensively trained to think systemically about relationships and understand how important they are to each person’s happiness, health, and well-being.From a geometrical point of view, a non-sessile leaf is composed of two parts: a large flat plate called the lamina, and a long beam called the petiole which connects the lamina to the branch/stem. Psychotherapy can actually lead to functional and structural changes in our brains.įinding a therapist you or your teen can be honest with and comfortable around is crucial to the therapeutic process, which is why I value authenticity and transparency in the therapy room you are the expert on your life. Even though you may be feeling stuck now, it does not have to be a permanent feeling. Every family or client is unique and therefore I utilize different techniques and personalize your sessions based on your specific goals and needs. You bring your life and relationship experiences and I bring my specialized training along with acceptance and compassion for who you are and where you are in life right now. In therapy, we will talk authentically and work toward self-awareness and wholehearted living. As a therapist, I recognize the adaptive function of emotions and emphasize the importance of validating emotional experiences as a source of meaning, direction, and growth. ![]()
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